Knowledge Management

Knowledge Management

What is the management?  
       Management in all business areas and organizational activities are the acts of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.

What is Knowledge management?
      Knowledge Management is the collection of processes that govern the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge. In one form or another, knowledge management has been around for a very long time. Practitioners have included philosophers, priests, teachers, politicians, scribes, Liberians, etc.

What is information system?
      An information system  is any combination of information technology and people's activities using that technology to support operations, management, and decision-making.^] In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic processes, data and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology  an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes

What are the component of information system?
      The main components of information systems are computer hardware and software, databases,

5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:

1. IT i.e. hardware and software

2. Data/Information

3. Procedures/Policies

4. People

5. Purpose

6. Communication Networks

Why do you need  apply the knowledge management process in our business?    

      Many organizations are now in the throes of implementing knowledge management strategies. However, like many other ground-breaking initiatives, success is often elusive. This workshop is primarily aimed at knowledge managers and knowledge management teams, taking them step by step through the key stages of the implementation of knowledge-based strategies. It is also beneficial for any senior manager, especially R&D, marketing, and business development manager, who wants to use better knowledge management as a key to improved business performance.

source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management

           : http://www.km-forum.org/what_is.htm
           : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system
           : http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_major_components_of_an_information_system
           : http://www.skyrme.com/services/kmpract.htm

Monday, November 8, 2010

Copyright

                                                                           Copyright
       
       Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. The exclusive rights are however balanced for public interest purposes with limitations and exceptions to the exclusive right - such as fair dealing and fair use. Copyright theory says that it is the balance between the exclusive rights and the limitations and exceptions that engenders creativity. Copyright does not protect ideas, only their expression or fixation. In most jurisdictions copyright arises upon fixation and does not need to be registered. Copyright owners have the exclusive statutory right to exercise control over copying and other exploitation of the works for a specific period of time, after which the work is said to enter the public domain. Uses which are covered under limitations and exceptions to copyright, such as fair use, do not require permission from the copyright owner. All other uses require permission and copyright owners can license or permanently transfer or assign their exclusive rights to others.
       sourc :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright

                                                                            
                                                                         Fair use      
       Fair use, a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work, is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, non-licensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. The term fair use originated in the United States. A similar principle, fair dealing, exists in some other common law jurisdictions. Civil law jurisdictions have other limitations and exceptions to copyright
        source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use

                                                                              Patent
       A patent  is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, non-obvious, and useful or industrially applicable. In many countries, certain subject areas are excluded from patents, such as business methods and mental acts. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without permission.Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any inventions, in all fields of technology,and the term of protection available should be the minimum twenty years.Different types of patents may have varying patent terms
      sourc :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent

   Why some inventions can not be copyrights?       : Because the several categories of material are generally not eligible for copyright protection, such as works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression.

ﾟ‘ﾟ･✿.｡.:* Engine *.:｡✿*ﾟ¨ﾟ

       A search engine works by looking up information on the internet based on what you ask it to look for. You type words or phrases you want more information about in the search box, click on search, and get the results.

       A search engine does exactly what its called - it searches certain parts of the internet database based on the words you are searching for information on. For example, if you want football stats, it's not gonna bother looking on Cosmopolitans website, and likewise if you wanted makeup hints, they wouldn't check NFL.com.
1.Directory search engine      Most people are familiar with the concept of search engines these days. In fact, most Internet users turn to search engines on an almost daily basis to help locate information on a specific topic. Internet directories on the other hand are often overlooked, misunderstood and underappreciated by searchers looking for just the right site and by site owners looking to improve their traffic.

      Often mistaken for search engines, directories are actually collections of human reviewed web sites that have been arranged into topical categories. Popular directories like Yahoo!, Best of the Web and Skaffe can serve as excellent starting points for navigating the Internet. They can also serve as a valuable resource for small business owners looking for ways to drive more traffic to their web sites.
2.General search engine
       General search engines, including web search engines, selection-based search engines, metasearch engines, desktop search tools, and web portals and vertical market websites that have a search facility for online databases.

General:
Ask.com (known as Ask Jeeves in the UK)
Baidu (Chinese, Japanese)
Bing (formerly MSN Search and Live Search)
Blekko
Duck Duck Go
Google
Kosmix
Sogou (Chinese)
Yodao (Chinese)
Yahoo! Search
Yandex (Russian)
Yebol

3.Metasearch search engine      A metasearch engine is a search tool that sends user requests to several other search engines and/or databases and aggregates the results into a single list or displays them according to their source. Metasearch engines enable users to enter search criteria once and access several search engines simultaneously. Metasearch engines operate on the premise that the Web is too large for any one search engine to index it all and that more comprehensive search results can be obtained by combining the results from several search engines. This also may save the user from having to use multiple search engines separately.   

      The term "metasearch" is frequently used to classify a set of commercial search engines, see the list of search engines, but is also used to describe the paradigm of searching multiple data sources in real time. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) uses the terms Federated Search and Metasearch interchangeably to describe this web search paradigm.



Source:http://www.searchengineguide.com/jennifer-laycock/sem-101-what-is.php%22%3Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines
">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_enginesource :

Evaluation Rubric

Evaluation Rubric:

   

1.   CASE STUDY                       

	LEVEL 4	LEVEL 3	LEVEL 2	LEVEL 1
Context and Background Information	The episode is clearly situated with the appropriate details e.g. grade level, subject being taught etc.	The episode is situated with most of the appropriate details	The episode has few of the appropriate details	No context or background information
Content	Incidents are interesting and realistically portrayed	Incidents are interesting but not realistically portrayed	Incidents are realistically portrayed but not interesting.	Incidents are neither interesting, nor realistically portrayed.
Writing Skills	Writing is totally free of errors Report of the episode is very concise	There are occasional errors. Report could be tightened a little	There are more than occasional errors  Report could be tightened quite a lot	Errors are frequent  Report of the episode is extremely long-winded.
Format	Format is appropriate and enhances the understanding of the critical episode in a creative and dramatic manner throughout the case	Format is appropriate and enhances the understanding of the critical episode in dramatic manner for most the case	Format is appropriate and enhances the understanding of the critical episode some of the time	Format is appropriate but seldom enhances the understanding of the critical episode

2.   PRESENTATION

		LEVEL 4	LEVEL 3	LEVEL 2	LEVEL 1
	Delivery and Enthusiasm	Very clear and concise flow of ideas. Demonstrates passionate interest in the topic and engagement with the class.	Clear flow of ideas Demonstrates interest in topic and engagement with the class.	Most ideas flow but focus is lost at times Limited evidence of interest in and engagement with the topic	Hard to follow the flow of ideas. Lack of enthusiasm and interest.
	Visuals	Visuals augmented and extended  comprehension of the issues in unique ways	Use of visuals related to the material	Limited use of visuals loosely related to the material	No use of visuals.
Staging		Uses stage effects, such as props, costumes, sound effects, in a unique and dramatic manner that enhances the understanding of the issues in the case study	Uses stage effects, such as props, costumes, sound effects, in an effective manner to extend understanding of the issues in the case study	Limited use of stage effects, and/or used in a manner that did not enhance the understanding of the issues in the case study.	No use of stage effects
Involvement of the class: -Questions -Generating discussion -Activities		Excellent and salient discussion points that elucidated material to develop deep understanding Appropriate and imaginative activities used to extend understanding in a creative manner	Questions and discussion addressed important information that developed understanding Appropriate activities used to clarify understanding	Questions and discussion addressed surface features of the topic Limited use of activities to clarify understanding	Little or no attempt to engage the class in learning
Response to Class Queries		Excellent response to student comments and discussion with appropriate content supported by theory/research	Good response to class questions and discussion with some connection made to theory/research	Satisfactory response to class questions and discussion with limited reference to theory and research	Limited response to questions and discussion with no reference to theory/research

Copyright

Copyright

1. What is the copyright?

Answer: Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. The exclusive rights are however balanced for public interest purposes with limitations and exceptions such as fair dealing and fair use.

2. What is fair use?

Answer: Fair use, a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work, is a doctrine in United States copyright  that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders. For example, such as commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship.

3. What is patent?

Answer:  A patent  is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignees for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention. For example, such as  the procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patented, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements.

4. Why some inventions can not be copyrights?

Answer: Because the several categories of material are generally not eligible for copyright protection, such as works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression.

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How does the internet work? 3/10/10 Internet User in Thailand

How Many Internet user in Thailand?

As of 2008, there were 16,100,000 Internet users in Thailand.^[1]
Broadband Internet is readily available in major cities and towns, but is still to be sought after in smaller villages and in the countryside. As the statistics have shown, the majority of Internet users in Thailand still rely on dial-up access. TOT operates a nationwide local rate number, 1222, allowing dialing to most Internet service providers. Dial-up prepaid Internet packs can be readily bought in convenience stores and other places. Subscribers of fixed telephone lines by True Corporation have access to dial up Internet by dialing a certain number and then being billed on their normal telephone bill.
The majority of broadband Internet access uses Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). Some areas are covered by Cable Modems and G.shdsl. Consumer broadband Internet bandwidth ranges from 2 Mbit/s to 16 Mbit/s. Medium and large businesses use Leased Lines or Ethernet Internet/MPLS where fiber optic cables link many office buildings in the central business district areas such as Sukhumvit, Silom and Sathorn areas to the Thailand Internet backbone. Universities have access to fast Internet access, including the Trans-Eurasia Information Network (TEIN2) research network.
A 3G UMTS/HSDPA network was launched in Bangkok and vicinity in December 2009 with speeds up to 7.2 Mbit/s on the 2100 MHz band. Major mobile network operators in Thailand are testing their 3G networks in limited urban areas on the 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands. The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) has plans to auction out 4 further licenses to operate 3G UMTS/HSDPA networks on the 2100 MHz spectrum in 2010. A 3G CDMA network with speeds up to 3.1Mbit/s is available in 51 provinces nationwide.
There are initiatives to offer mainstream FTTH (Fiber to the Home) providing bandwidth of up to 100 Mbit/s bundled with IPTV and VoIP. FTTH with speeds up to 30mbps is available in limited areas in Phuket.
Thailand saw a rapid growth in the number of broadband users in 2005 with the initiation of unmetered broadband in 2004.^[2]
There are 1,116,000 (2008) Internet hosts in Thailand being the highest in South East Asia.^[3]
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How Does the Internet Work? 4/10/10

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail

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What is Internet Protocol (IP Address)?

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol used for relaying datagrams (packets) across an internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite. Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet.
IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and structures for datagram encapsulation.

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What is the OSI model?

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system into smaller parts called layers. A layer is a collection of conceptually similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. On each layer an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below.
For example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that make up the contents of the path. Conceptually two instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal protocol connection on that layer.

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What is internet infrastructure?

With the growth of the Internet for personal use (e.g. Facebook, Amazon, Google, Gmail) and business purposes (i.e.file storage, web applications, collaboration and communication, VOIP) I thought it would be useful to talk about what actually powers all these things. I have a secondary reason for this too – when a non-technical person asks me what I do for a living, I have yet to come up with a short simple answer that actually explains it!

First of all, let me define what I mean by ‘Internet Infrastructure’. All the hardware and services required to make this web page appear in your browser, or an RSS feed download into your reader, or VOIP calls / emails get to your desktop. All the underlying technologies that are unseen, but ‘make the Internet go’.

I see Internet Infrastructure consisting of a ‘Top 5′ areas :

• Data Centres
• Network Connectivity
• Computer Equipment
• Storage Services
• Server Applications

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What is domain name?

A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet, based on the Domain Name System (DNS).
Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes. They are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, net and org, and the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users that wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, run web sites, or create other publicly accessible Internet resources. The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their servic

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Students Wars

Student Wars

Nopprarat Maneetat (Get)

53055304

Watcharaphon Milap (Soybean)

53010430

IBC 101

Access to Library and Information

27 September 2010

Summary

Thai student fighting and destroy property of society which they doesn’t care or even worry what the society think of them. The shooting and stabbing happen nearly every day occurring showing to the public society. Many students from each college had been hurt and kill by another college. Many government property such as public transport had been wreak and damage by these student who doesn’t care what did they do to other people.

Table of Content

Abstract/ Executive Summary                    Page 1

Table of Content

Introduction                                                  Page 3

Discussion                                                      Page 4

Conclusions                                                   Page 5

Recommendation                                                Page6

Reference                                                      Page 7

Introduction

A nine year old Thai student from high school had been accident wounded and killed straight away. The news had been on air thought out nation television to public and every newspaper has been printed. Most of the parent of Thai society had been shocked with new headline that a young boy who is innocent and no idea what is happening had been wounded by a college student just fighting over for no reason. The principals from the boy high school were called in to Parliament twice for sessions on how to stop the violence. Gang violence has plagued schools for years, mostly at the country’s 835 vocational schools which cater later largely to the children of the working class such as taxi driver, security guard and factory workers. Police say there were 900 reported incidents in Bangkok in the first half of this year.

Discussion

This problem has been brought up for the government to discussion and tries to find a solution for college and public around the area. So many people are scare and worry; what would happen to anyone or any children, would this incident happen again?

A problem of this college has been going on for many generations which are no method to end. Many people are terrifying the student will hurt them one day. Many nations saw the incident but they can not do anything or help the person that is being harm. If anyone came to help the individual that person will get hurt, so most people just observe and feel depressing.

Many bus drivers wouldn’t go to pick up any of those college students because they’re terrified if one day they will get gunshot. There is no way to protect yourself because doesn’t know went this incident will occur. The student doesn’t intend to hurt anyone around them but sometime accident happens.

Conclusions

The problem doesn’t seem so big but it is a biggest problem right now for Thai society. One person can not do anything much and people could do anything at all. Is better for government and principles of the college to find a solution for everyone including public and make sure no one will get hurt by their students. The government should look into more way to find the problem and the student for these colleges. 

References

The Nation Newspaper on Monday, September 27, 2010

Chapter 5...

Can you identify the library website, OPAC, library database?

Library website is the web that you can search information about the book you looking for, in university or the library.


An OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) is an online bibliography of a library collection that is available to the public. OPACs developed as stand-alone online catalogs, often from VT100 terminals to a mainframe library catalog. With the arrival of the Internet, most libraries have made their OPAC accessible from a server to users all over the world.

SORCE

  

A library database is both an electronic catalog and the access point to information from published works.

Library databases provide access to resources across a wide spectrum of topic and subject areas.
Such as: the arts, genealogy, academic research, home improvement, auto repair, business and much more.

Source 

List 5 PDF files of articles you search from Google.

IFPI Digital Music Report 2010
http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2010.pdf

MUSIC
http://www.gochicago.com/pdfs/Chicago%20Music.pdf

Digital Music and Movies Report
http://newsroom.mcafee.com/images/10039/DMMRReport_US_25Aug2010.pdf

Music
Middle-School
Energizers
http://www.ncpe4me.com/pdf_files/MS-Energizers-Music.pdf

Medicine and Music
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/pdf/medicineandmusic.pdf


What is '"an abstract"?

An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form.

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What is "a Full-text article"?

Full Text = entire article - Library databases sometimes omit photos, graphs, charts, and figures from articles, but most will indicate that these have been omitted.

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What is your search technique when you're doing your homework or assignment?

I usually search the internet from Google and the book from the library.

Excercise4, Question 5

What type of reference collection that you like to use most and why?

Dictionary and Encyclopaedia because dictionary containing information about words, meaning, derivations, spelling, pronunciation, syllabication and Encyclopaedia is a systematic summary of all significant knowledge, a summary of knowledge of on subject.

Excercise4, Question 4

When do you need to search information from the reference collection?

When a collection of sources in print and electronice from intended to be referred to rather than read. THe materials are usually not for loan outside the library.

Excercise4, Question 3

What is the difference between general book and reference book?

The distinction between a book and a reference book can be confusing. Some books that you might "reference" are still considered "books" for the purposes of citation.
Reference books are used to find factual information on a subject, and are not usually read all the way through or chapter by chapter. In a K-12 library, reference books are usually located in a special reference collection area, and cannot be checked out. Reference books include dictionaries, encyclopedias, thesauri, almanacs, atlases, and directories.
As a side note, in APA, the reader must also distinguish between reference books and what are called "annual periodicals." For example, consider a yearbook (which looks like a reference work). Annual periodicals often resemble edited books. To tell the difference, look at the publication's subtitle. If the subtitle changes annually, it should be treated as an edited book or reference work. If there is no subtitle, or the subtitle does not change year to year, it should be treated as an annual periodical.

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Excercise4, Question 2

History of Computer

"Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings (predominantly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute multiplications. Boredom would quickly set in, leading to carelessness, leading to mistakes. And even on your best days you wouldn't be producing answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize (that is, find a mechanism that can perform) this task.

In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier's Bones.








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Excercise4

Where can you find information about Nobel Prize? Who get the Nobel Prize this year?

Information about Nobel Prize can be finding online through Google, Wikipedia or nobelprize.org.

Nobel Prizes 2009
The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles K. Kao "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"

he Nobel Prize in Literature
Herta Müller "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"

The Nobel Peace Prize
Barack H. Obama "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Elinor Ostrom "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Oliver E. Williamson "for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"

Why the library is important for the learning process?

Why the library is important for the learning process?

The library is important for the learning process because library had access to literary and artistic materials, such as book, periodicals, newspapers, pamphlets, prints, records, etc. Some libraries had the right to access monographs and a lot of stuff that is non- print materials had been kept in the library for public to access and see.

My experience in using a library!!!

I had a lot of experience in using libraries because I always been using library to obtain information for my assignment and work. I had been trained how to use the library since was I was in primary school through to high school. I also had work experience in library for about 2 weeks went I was in high school.

5 Books, 5 Journals, 5 Online Databases

Book
1. Reforming process for learning *  LB 2806 น148ก 2545
2. Content reading and literacy : succeeding in today's diverse classrooms *  LB 1050.455 A48 2005
3. How to differentiate instruction in mixed-ability classrooms *  LB 3061.3 T65H 2001
4. The fundamentals of graphic design  *   NC 997 A42F 2009
5. Research methods for business *  HD 30.4 R47 2007

Journals
1. Network-based society
2. MMC กับ TQM
3. Organization Inertia
4. Mega Project
5. Nonlinear Regression

Online Databases
1. Thai University eBook Net
2. Digital Dissertation
3. Thai Thesis Online
4. Emerald Management
5. ASCE

Information Literacy

Information Literacy is the ability to identify what information is needed, understand how the information is organized, identify the best sources of information for a given need, locate those sources, evaluate the sources critically, and share that information. It is the knowledge of commonly used research techniques.

Information literacy is critically important because we are surrounded by a growing ocean of information in all formats. Not all information is created equal: some is authoritative, current, reliable, but some is biased, out of date, misleading, false. The amount of information available is going to keep increasing. The types of technology used to access, manipulate, and create information will likewise expand.


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Mind Map!!!!!!!!!!

A mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items linked to and arranged around a central key word or idea. Mind maps are used to generate, visualize, structure, and classify ideas, and as an aid to studying and organizing information, solving problems, making decisions, and writing.




The elements of a given mind map are arranged intuitively according to the importance of the concepts, and are classified into groupings, branches, or areas, with the goal of representing semantic or other connections between portions of information. Mind maps may also aid recall of existing memories.

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Good Information!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Information good in economics and law is a type commodity whose main market value is derived from the information it contains. It may also include services (information services). The typical examples of information goods include a CD containing pieces of music, a DVD containing a movie, a computer file which is a piece of program, a book containing short stories, and so on.




In information goods, the valuable part is a pattern in which the material is arranged - the arrangement of ink on paper, paint on canvas, magnetic elements on a tape, a series of dents (pits) on a compact disc, etc. Those patterns might be either directly consumed by humans (through reading, viewing, etc.) or may be used to operate other devices such as a cassette player or a computer. The working of device, in turn, may produce some consumable pattern of information (such as visual, sound, or text), another pattern for the use of other devices, or both.

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Information Overload

Information overload" is a term popularized by Alvin Toffler that refers to the difficulty a person can have understanding an issue and making decisions that can be caused by the presence of too much information.The term itself is mentioned in a 1964 book by Bertram Gross, The Managing of Organizations




The term and concept precede the Internet. Toffler's explanation of it in his bestselling book presents information overload as the Information Age's version of sensory overload, a term that had been introduced in the 1950s. Sensory overload was thought to cause disorientation and lack of responsiveness. Toffler posited information overload as having the same sorts of effects, but on the higher cognitive functions, writing: "When the individual is plunged into a fast and irregularly changing situation, or a novelty-loaded context ... his predictive accuracy plummets. He can no longer make the reasonably correct assessments on which rational behavior is dependent."





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